ACM ICPC Regional Problem

ACM ICPC Regional Problem Siti Nazihah Binti Sarpin (L) Nurul Aini Binti Mohd Hisan Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Problem Description Problem Statistics Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Reason to Choose This Problem Preliminary Analysis Mathematical Modeling Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Test Case 2 (New input and output) Possible Algorithm Design Technique Brute Force Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks References Introduction Problem Description Bessie has gone on a trip, and she’s riding a roller coaster! Bessie really likes riding the roller coaster, but unfortunately she often gets dizzy. The roller coaster has a number of distinct sections that Bessie rides in order. At the beginning of the ride, Bessies dizziness and fun levels are both at 0. For each section of the roller coaster, Bessie can either keep her eyes open or keep them closed (and must keep them that way for the whole section). If she keeps her eyes open for a section, her total fun increases by a Fun factor for that section, and her dizziness increases by a Dizziness factor for that section. However, if she keeps her eyes closed for the section, her total fun will not change, but her dizziness will decrease by a value that’s constant for the entire roller coaster. (Note that her dizziness can never go below 0.) If, at any point, Bessies dizziness is above a certain limit, Bessie will get sick. Write a program to find the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have without getting sick. Input There will be several test cases in the input. Each test case will begin with a line with three integers: N K L Where N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1,000) is the number of sections in this particular roller coaster, K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500) is the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will go down if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride, and L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000) is the limit of dizziness that Bessie can tolerate – if her dizziness ever becomes larger than L, Bessie will get sick, and that’s not fun! Each of the next N lines will describe a section of the roller coaster, and will have two integers: F D Where F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20) is the increase to Bessie’s total fun that she’ll get if she keeps her eyes open on that section, and D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500) is the increase to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The sections will be listed in order. The input will end with a line with three 0s. Output For each test case, output a single integer, representing the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Print each integer on its own line with no spaces. Do not print any blank lines between answers. Sample Input 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 10 5 1 20 2 12 4 3 3 10 6 20 3 19 9 19 7 1 500 15 5 4 2 0 0 0 Sample Output 7 0 Problem Statistics According to ACM-ICPC archive website, the total submission of this problem is 2226. There are 183 users have solved this problem while 246 users that tried this problem (last update on 10 Dec 2014). This problem can be found at https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871. Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Region: ACM ICPC Regionals 2010 North America Southeast USA Year: 2010 Problem: H, 4870 – Roller Coaster [4.500 seconds] Link:https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871 Source Code: https://github.com/depstein/programming-competitions/blob/master/problems/04-10-14%20intro/4870%20(Roller%20Coaster)/rollercoaster.java Programmer: N/A. Reason to Choose This Problem This problem is chosen to fulfill a requirement of CSC750, Advance Algorithm and Analysis that needed the problem that can be solved using Dynamic Programming. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem which require us to find the maximum amount of fun can Bessie have without making her sick. Preliminary Analysis This problem is to obtain the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick, in which case without exceeding her dizziness limit. The constraints of the problem include: The roller coaster has a distinct number of sections that Bessie rides in order. Bessie’s fun and dizziness levels are both at 0 at the beginning of the ride. For each section, Bessie has two options either to keeps her eyes open or close and she must keep them that way for the whole section. At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes open, her total dizziness increases by a dizziness factor and her total fun also increases by a fun factor. * At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes closed, her total dizziness will be subtracted by a value that is constant for the entire roller coaster, but her total fun is maintain. * Bessie’s dizziness can never go below 0. Bessie will get sick if her dizziness is above a given limit. * * Tricky constraint. The parameters for this problem are listed as below: N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1000), the number of sections in a particular roller coaster. K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500), the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000), limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20), the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500), the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. 000, the c fixed command line for stopping the test cases. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem. This is due to the same properties this problem had as with a Knapsack problem in which it contains; a set of items where each item consists of weight and value, the total weight must be less than or equal to the given limit, and a maximum total value (in which case it must consider the given limit of the sack can carry) [1]. Thus, for this Roller Coaster problem, the properties listed below have adapted the knapsack solution: The item in this problem consists of Bessie’s dizziness level (weight) and fun level (value). Her dizziness is how much she can carries in her sack (total weight of the items she carries in the sack). Her fun is what she would like to maximize (total value of the items she carries). Now, we want to get the maximum total fun she could have without making her too dizzy (maximum total fun = maximum total value in her sack) (limit of dizziness = weight limit for the sack). Furthermore, this problem is tied with another tricky constraints in which it affected the dizziness level and fun level at each distinct section, in which case Bessie has two options either to open or close her eyes during riding that roller coaster (in Knapsack problem, whether an item is in the sack or not). If she keeps her eyes open, both dizziness and fun level will increase. Meanwhile, if she keeps her eyes close, her fun level will remain the same as with the previous section, but her dizziness level will increase. In conjunction with these tricky constraints, it can be broken down into many sub-problems [2], hence the Knapsack solution to this problem does not have to perform backtracking or recursion. This is because the previously solved sub-problems are stored in tables and can be used again instead of re-computing the solution each time [2]. In summary, this Knapsack problem is more suitable if it is solve by using Dynamic Programming technique compare with brute force algorithm. Mathematical Modeling Input: The number of sections in a particular roller coaster. The amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. The limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. The increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The fixed command line for stopping the test cases. Output: The maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Let, the number of sections in a particular roller coaster = N, where N ≠¥ 1 and N ≠¤ 1000, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride = K, where K ≠¥ 1 and K ≠¤ 500, the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand = L, where L ≠¥ 1 and L ≠¤ 300000, the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section = F, where F ≠¥ 1 and F ≠¤ 20, the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section = D, where D ≠¥ 1 and D ≠¤ 500, and the fixed command line for stopping the test cases = 000. To mathematically model this problem, it uses array tables to obtain the maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick [4]. It is important to make sure total dizziness (DTotal) can never go below zero and must not exceed the given limit. Hence, DTotal ≠¥ 0 and DTotal ≠¤ L. Moreover, depending on Bessie’s eyes’ condition (either open or close), it will affect each of the total fun and total dizziness. Hence, FOpen = F + F[fun at nth section], DOpen = D + D[dizzy at nth section], FClose = F[fun at nth section], DClose = D[dizzy at nth section] K, where FOpen, DOpen, FClose, DClose N. Thus a solution for the problem is to find the minimum dizziness Bessie could have with the maximum fun [4]. DP[N][F] is the minimum dizziness Bessie can have, with fun = F. DP[N][F] = max(DP[N 1][F (fun at the nth section)] + (dizziness at the nth section), DP[N 1][F] K). First table is to store the section’s number [N] and the other one is to store the total fun [F]. Note that both initial arrays of fun and dizziness level are set to 0.The track of the roller coaster must pass all section meaning to move to the next section both table will become [N-1] [F Fun[N]]. By using those tables, for each section, we can obtain the maximum fun Bessie can have. When move to the next section, it just retrieves the previously stored result in order to get the new result for the new section. Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Sample input Sample output 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 7 Table 1 Sample input and output of test case 1 Table 2 illustrates the optimal solution for test case 1 from the sample input given by the Roller Coaster problem. This roller coaster track has a total of 3 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 1, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 2. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 7 and her dizziness is 2. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes open in section 1 and 3, and close her eyes in section 2. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 2Optimal solution for test case 1 from sample input Roller Coaster problem Test Case 2 (New input and output) Input Output 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 8 2 6 1 12 5 18 2 12 3 10 4 15 2 16 5 10 3 6 1 80 Table 3 input and output from test case 2 This roller coaster track has a total of 12 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 3, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 8. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 80 and her dizziness is 6. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes close in section 2 5, 8 and 10, and open her eyes in other sections. Meanwhile, Table 4 shows how the solution is achieved. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 5 4 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 4 = 4 Close Section 2 3 2 5 4 3 = 1 Open Section 3 8 2 5 + 8 = 13 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 4 6 1 13 + 6 = 19 3 + 1 = 4 Close Section 5 12 5 19 4 – 3 = 1 Open Section 6 18 2 19 + 18 = 37 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 7 12 3 37 + 12 = 49 3 + 3 = 6 Close Section 8 10 4 49 6 – 3 = 3 Open Section 9 15 2 49 + 15 = 64 3 + 2 = 5 Close Section 10 16 5 64 5 – 3 = 2 Open Section 11 10 3 64 + 10 = 74 2 + 3 = 5 Open Section 12 6 1 74 + 6 = 80 5 + 1 = 6 Table 4: An example of input for Roller Coaster problem Possible Algorithm Design Technique Roller coaster problem can be solved using brute force technique or dynamic programming. There is no doubt that this problem can be solved using brute force and it can produce the correct output but it will caused an exponential time to the program. Therefore, Dynamic Programming is the better approach to solve Roller Coaster problem. Brute Force Brute force technique is not recommended to solve this problem because it will result in an exponential solution [3] as we have to modify the condition (either Bessie’s eyes open or close) and compare each result every time in order to obtain the optimal solution. In addition, if the number of test cases is getting bigger, it is quite impossible to get a short period of time taken as to calculate every sub-problem. Since there is no limit on the test case, user can state their input as much as they want. Let’s take sample test case 1 as an example shown in Table 1. 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 N = 3, K = 1, and L = 2. 2 1, 3 1, and 5 2 F = 2, 3, 5 and D = 1, 1. Table 5: Sample test case 1 from the Roller Coaster problem Brute force algorithm will test all the possibilities of Bessie’s eyes condition, either she had her eyes opened or closed. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 5 = 10 3 + 2 = 5 Table 6: First condition The first condition fails because Bessie’s dizziness level exceeds her limit even though she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 3 5 2 3 + 5 = 8 1 + 2 = 3 Table 7: Second condition The second condition also fails because her dizziness level exceeds her limit. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 8: Third condition The third condition is a success because of her dizziness level does not exceed her limit and she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 1 = 2 Close Section 3 5 2 5 2 – 1 = 1 Table 9: Fourth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but the fun she got is not much. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Open Section 3 5 2 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 2 = 2 Table 10: Fifth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Close Section 3 5 2 2 0 Table 11: Sixth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 3 5 2 3 1 – 1 = 0 Table 12: Seventh condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Close Section 3 5 2 0 0 Table 13: Eighth condition This condition fails because Bessie’s does not have fun at all. Therefore, Table 8 which illustrates the third condition is the most optimal solution where it satisfies as the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick. Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks The key idea to solve this problem is by adapting the Knapsack solution in which total amount of dizziness as the total weight she carries in her sack without exceeding the given limit and maximum fun as the maximum total value carries in that sack. To obtain the most optimal solution, we have to select the most maximum of total fun. However, in selecting the maximum total fun, we need to consider the total amount of dizziness because if it exceeds the limit, Bessie will get sick and thus we should avoid it. References [1] Knapsack Problem, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem [2] Slide #4 in Dynamic Programming 1, CSC752 Advanced Algorithms Analysis, Syed Ahmad Aljunid. [3] Brute Force Search, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_search [4] Southeast Regionals 2010 – Solutions, https://sites.google.com/site/ubcprogrammingteam/news

Effect Of Tailor Made Technique Nursing Essay

Effect Of Tailor Made Technique Nursing Essay Children are members of families, communities, populations and overall society, which shape the context, experiences, and opportunities of their lives. Thus, their wellbeing is inextricably linked to the well-being of their families, communities and the society in which they live. Hospitalization of children is for acute or chronic conditions. Many factors contribute to the distress of young children during hospitalization, and existing fears and emotions may be intensified with prolonged hospitalization. Children become anxious and normal fears are exacerbated when they think about being in pain, harmed, or mutilated in some way or being separated from parents (Nicki and Barbara, 2007). Cannulation causes moderate or severe pain and fear in a substantial number of children and adults. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage (Merskey and Bogduk, 1994). Pain relief is a human right, yet pain in children is an under-recognized problem around the world. Children not only have pain from injuries, surgery, burns, infections, and the effects of war, terrorism, and violence, but also undergo pain from many procedures and investigations used by doctors and nurses to investigate and treat disease. Fear can be explained as a state of dread, apprehension or trepidation related to the future. Fear is a major stressor among hospitalized children. According to children, insertion of needle is one of the most fearful experiences. For many people, the needle can only be a source of fear to the extent that a needle is a necessary part of the procedure that initiates a terrifying involuntary reaction of ones body. For some the fear may extend up to needle phobia,  who has thought about the nature and origin of their condition, they actually have no fear of needles at all, but may have an extreme fear of suffering the physical effects of a needle phobia reaction. Thus, these problems of a hospitalized child can be alleviated by the nurse who is directly responsible for their protection and guidance. Nurses are at high risk for liability with regard to the under treatment of pain and fear. Of all the members of the health care team, nurses spend most of the time with patients and are recognized as the patients primary pain managers. The nurse is concerned not only with providing nursing interventions to children, but also with obtaining cooperation of children to the procedures to them. This is possible for a nurse with the skill in wide variety of interventions such as therapeutic play and the use of the arts and humanities as music, drama, television etc. Some institutions have procedures for minimizing the predictable pain and fear of cannulation, especially in children. Current advances are being made to control pain by integrating both the science of pain medications and the science of the human mind. According to Brunner and Suddharth (2004), distraction is thought to reduce the perception of pain by stimulating the descending control system, resulting in fewer painful stimuli being transmitted to brain. Distraction techniques may range from simple activities, such as watching TV or listening to music, to highly complex physical and mental exercises. Topical analgesics have been one important tool in reducing and preventing pain during minor procedures. As elicited by Potter and Perry (2005), the anesthetic cream which is thickly applied is placed on the skin 15 minutes before local anesthetic infiltration or minor procedures, e.g., IV start. The Lidocaine patch is a topical analgesic effective in cutaneous pain. Three patches are placed on and around the pain site using a 12-hour on, 12-hour off schedule to avoid Lidocaine toxicity. According to Sr. Nancy (2005), hot applications can be dry heat applications or moist heat applications which may be applied either locally or generally. Hot applications have many local physiological effects on the body. One among the many local physiological effects of hot application is vasodilatation. Dilatation of vein aids in reducing the number of phlebotomy attempts. Also, the chief therapeutic use of local hot application is that it decreases pain due to ischemia, local congestion and muscle spasm. Injections of any kind can hurt! Children know this pain is predictable. How they respond to an injection depends in part of their developmental age and their previous experience. Intravenous and intramuscular injections should be given in such a manner that the children do not have time to build up their anxiety about the procedure. Tailor-made means, it has been specially designed for a particular purpose. Thus the researcher uses tailor-made technique for preschool and school-aged children who enjoy active play, during the injection the nurse can suggest distraction activities along with local analgesics agent and hot application. NEED FOR THE STUDY The leading health indicators, the healthy people 2010 provides a framework for identifying essential components of child health promotion programs, designed to prevent future health problems in our nations children (Department of health and human service, 2007). The present total population of children in the world is 2.2 billion where in India, 13.1 percent of the population that is 15, 87, 89,287 are children (Census, 2011). The Paediatric ward of Sri Ramakrishna hospital receives an average of 1414 admissions per year. Almost all of them ought to have venipuncture since it is an integral part of performing diagnostic procedures and administering therapy during a patients hospitalization. Each hospitalized child has to undergo at least a single venipuncture within every three days of hospital life. Thus, attention in relieving such pain and fear is a must. Pain is the primary complaint for which people seek medical treatments. Sr. Callista Roy (1991), defined pain within the psychological mode, as a sensory experience of acute and chronic nature, coded into the somatosensory pain pathways. Acute pain, according to Sr Callista Roy, refers to Discomfort which is intense but relatively short and reversible. Using principles from neuropsychology; Roy stated that a sensory experience such as pain involves the transmission of information from sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex. The theoretical explanation for the effectiveness of distraction lies in its ability to divert attention away from the painful stimulus. McCaul and Malott (1984) hypothesize that the brain has a limited capacity to focus attention on stimuli. Therefore, using up attentional resources while engaging in a distracting task leaves little capacity for attending to painful stimuli. The Gate Control Theory of Pain proposed by Melzack and Wall (1965, 1995) offers a physiological explanation of the effectiveness of attention diversion. In brief, the Gate Control Theory explains that pain perception can be affected by factors other than the stimulus itself. This theory suggests that pain perception is controlled by a neural mechanism or gate in the spinal cord. Depending on how the mechanism is activated, the gate can be opened or closed. When the gate is open, 8 pain signals are transmitted to the brain, and when the gate is closed, they are not. Melzack originally proposed this theory to exp lain why physically stimulating an area can lead to reduced pain perception, but later modified his theory to suggest that cognitive factors can also open or close the gate. Cognitive and behavioral processes, such as distraction, Lamaze, and self hypnosis, cartoons can close the gate to subsequent pain perception by diverting attention away from the painful stimulus and toward focal points. Neglected pain erodes a patients trust in the health care system. In 1995, the American pain society challenged all health care systems to make pain as the fifth vital sign. James Campbell, the societys President noted that, if pain were assessed with the same zeal as other vital signs, there would be a much better chance of its being treated properly .Failure to appropriately assess and treat pain is a liability issue for facilities and members of the health care team . Pain is always a source of anxiety, as well as a constant companion. Furthermore about 10% of adults in the United States have needle phobia, as intense fear of needle that triggers immediate anxiety in the most severe cases, vasovagal response can lead to shock. The phobia may intensify for most people with the minimal pain of venipuncture. The fear usually begins in childhood and it may lead to avoidance of medical care. According to Journal of Anxiety Disorders (2006), the tendency to experience pain, disgust, and  fear  of fainting during injections was associated with anxious responding to the venipuncture and a probable diagnosis of  needle  phobia. A local anesthetic, Lidocaine blocks the conduction of pain impulses and stabilizes the neuronal membranes, thereby relieving pain. The drug penetrates the skin to act locally on the damaged or dysfunctional nerves and soft tissues, underlying the site. The benefit of local mechanism of action is that, with appropriate use, there is minimal systemic absorption of Lidocaine and adverse effects such as central nervous system depression or excitation are averted .Local absorption, also results in fewer drug interactions , an important consideration ,because many people with chronic pain requires opioids, nonopioids or adjuvant analgesics. A study was conducted by C V Bellieni et al., in 2006 conducted to the children, the results of is reported in the November 28 issue of the Archives of Disease in Childhood.In this study, 69 children aged 7 to 12 years undergoing medical procedure were randomized to receive no distraction procedure (controls), active distraction by their mother, or passive distraction by a television cartoon. Both the mothers and childrens rating scores suggested that procedures performed during television watching were perceived as being less painful than procedures performed during active or no distraction. Many studies have tested the effectiveness of Eutectic Mixture of Local Analgesics (EMLA) and Lidocaine gel .Since the application of Lidocaine is one quarter the cost of EMLA cream, significant saving can be obtained if it is proven to be effective as a topical anesthetic agent. It was seen in earlier studies that, IV cannulation was easier with Lidocaine gel as compared to EMLA cream. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study by J.B.Rose et al., (2002) of Lidocaine Iontophoresis for Paediatric venipuncture among 59 children aged 6-17 years suggested that lidocaine iontophoresis is safe in children, reduces discomfort associated with venipuncture, and increases satisfaction when compared with the placebo. Hot applications promote vasodilation. A study was conducted on effect of EMLA Cream and Application of Heat to Facilitate Peripheral Venous Cannulation in Children by Lori Huff et al., (2009). There was a significant increase in vein visualization from pre-application of heat to post application of heat with a success rate of 80% with the first time attempt of IV insertion. Therefore, application of heat counteracts the adverse effect of vasoconstriction that occurs with EMLA cream application, potentially increasing peripheral venous cannulation success rates. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO, 2003) has approved revised standards for pain assessment and management in hospital ambulatory and home care settings .The American pain Societys Quality improvement recommendation provides excellent foundations for meeting JCAHOs expectations which includes recognizing and treating pain properly and promising patients attentive analgesic care. On the investigators personal experience, it is observed that children are having increased pain and fear during needle-related procedures performing in Paediatric ward. This motivated the researcher to conduct a study to make venipuncture a total painless procedure. Hence Tailor-made technique was selected for the research. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EFFECT OF TAILOR-MADE TECHNIQUE ON PAIN PERCEPTION AND FEAR AMONG CHILDREN UNDERGOING VENIPUNCTURE AT SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE. 1.3. OBJECTIVES To administer Tailor-made technique among children before venipuncture. To assess the pain perception among children after administering Tailor-made technique in experimental and control group. To assess the fear among children after administering Tailor-made technique in experimental and control group. 1.4. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1.4.1. Effect Effect refers to the change in the level of pain perception and fear during venipuncture among children after Tailor-made technique. 1.4.2. Tailor-made Technique Tailor-made technique refers to the combination of three interventions, such as exposure of the child to cartoon animations, application of 2 % Xylocaine gel for 10 to 15 minutes and application of local heat for 2 minutes over the planned site, before venipuncture. 1.4.3. Pain Perception Pain perception means the level of pain experienced by a child during venipuncture, expressed in terms of behavioral responses in face, legs, activity, cry and consolability. 1.4.4. Fear Fear is an unpleasant feeling due to frightened situation during venipuncture among children expressed as responses in face. 1.4.5. Children Children refer to those who are between the age group of 4-12 years, who need to undergo venipuncture at the Paediatric ward of Sri Ramakrishna hospital. 1.4.6. Venipuncture Venipuncture is a needle-related procedure, in which a vein is punctured for medication administration, fluid infusion or blood sampling among children between 4 to 12 years of age at Sri Ramakrishna hospital. 1.5. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK Modified Weidenbachs Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory Modified Weidenbachs Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1964) was adopted for developing conceptual framework. The theory views nursing as an act, based on goal oriented care and closely parallels the assessment, implementation and evaluation steps of nursing process. This theory is composed of three basic elements: Identification. Ministration. Validation. 1.5.1. Identification. It involves individualization of the patient, his experiences and recognition of the patients perception of his condition. The researcher identifies the children who need to undergo venipuncture from the medical records, collects the demographic data and then plans for Tailor-made technique. 1.5.2. Ministration. It is providing the needed help. It requires the identification of the need-for-help, the selection of a helping measure appropriate to the need, and the acceptability of the help to the patient. In this study, the researcher administers the Tailor-made technique before venipuncture to the experimental group, whereas no intervention is given to the control group. 1.5.3. Validation. It is the evidence that the patients functional ability was restored as a result of the help given. In post test, the researcher assesses the level of pain and fear after the administration of Tailor-made technique and compares the effect of Tailor-made technique on pain perception and fear during venipuncture in experimental group with the level of pain perception and fear during venipuncture without Tailor-made technique in control group. 1.6. PROJECTED OUTCOME Application of Tailor-made technique reduces the pain perception and fear among children undergoing venipuncture. Review of literature Literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying or searching for information on the topic (Polit and Hungler, 1999). Literature review is an essential component to the researcher for the greater understanding of the research problem and its aspects. It provides the researcher with an opportunity to evaluate many different approaches to the problem. Thus the literature review has organised and presented under three headings. 2.1. Literature related to pain and fear during venipuncture. Cavender et al., (2004) done a study to determine the effectiveness of parental positioning and distraction on the pain,  fear, and distress of pediatric patients undergoing  venipuncture. An experimental-comparison group design was used to evaluate 43 patients (20 experimental and 23 comparisons) who were 4 to 11 years old. Experimental participants used parental positioning and distraction. All participants rated their pain and  fear; parents and  child  life specialists (CLS) rated the  childs  fear, and CLS rated the  childs distress. Self-reported pain and  fear  were highly correlated (p Anil Agarwal et al., (2005) conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of the valsalva maneuver on pain during venous cannulation among children. In this study 75 samples were randomly assigned to 3 groups respectively. Group I was control group without intervention, group II was instructed to blow into a sphygmomanometer tubing and raise the mercury column up to 30 mm of Hg for 20 seconds and group III was instructed to press a rubber ball. After 20 seconds peripheral venous cannulation was performed. Venous cannulation pain was graded by a 4 point scale. Results showed a significant reduction in the incidence of pain in group II (72 %), whereas other two groups experienced 100 % pain. Researcher concluded that, the valsalva maneuver performed at the time of venous cannulation greatly decreases venipuncture pain. Gupta et al., (2005) carried out a prospective, randomized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of balloon inflation on venous cannulation pain among children by Devendra. The study was conducted among 75 children aged 6-12 years who were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group I was control group with no intervention, group II was provided with distraction like pressing a ball and group III with balloon inflation. Visual analogue scale was used to assess the venipuncture pain and there was a significant reduction observed in group II and group III, when compared with group I. Visual analogue score in group III was decreased when compared with group II (p Farion et al., (2006) conducted a randomized control study to determine the effect of vapocoolant spray on pain during intravenous cannulation by among 80 children between 6-12 years. The children received either vapocoolant spray or placebo before cannulation. Children rated their pain using a 100-mm colour visual analogue scale. Parents (p = 0.04), nurses (p = 0.01) and child life specialists (p Movahedi et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain related responses among school age children. 80 children aged 6-12 years were selected by purposive sampling. In experimental group the injection site was refrigerated for three minutes using an ice bag before venipuncture and in control group venipuncture was performed according to routine procedure. Physiological responses, behavioral responses, and subjective responses were assessed in both groups. Results showed no significant difference between two groups for physiological responses, whereas behavioral responses (p = 0.0011) and subjective responses (p = 0.0097) showed that, the test group had lower score in behavioral and subjective responses compared to the control group. The researcher concluded that the use of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture can be considered as an easy and effective intervention for reducing pain related to venipuncture. Kennedy et al., (2008) reported in an article that pain  during venipuncture and intravenous cannulation is an important source of paediatric  pain  and has a lasting impact. Older children have reported greater  pain  during follow-up and cancer-related  procedures,  if the pain  of the initial procedure was poorly controlled. Fortunately, both pharmacologic and non pharmacologic techniques have been found to reduce childrens acute  pain  and distress and subsequent negative behaviours during venipuncture. This review gives the evidence for the importance of managing paediatric procedural  pain  and methods  for reducing venous access  pain. Nilsson et al., (2008) evaluated the concurrent and construct validity and the interrater reliability of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale during procedural  pain  among 80 children of 5-16 years age. Children scheduled for peripheral venous cannulation of a venous port were included in this study. In 40 cases, two nurses simultaneously and independently assessed  pain  by using the FLACC scale and in 40 cases one of these nurses assessed the child. All children scored the intensity of  pain  by using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) and distress by the Facial Affective Scale (FAS). Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation between FLACC scores and the childrens self-reported CAS scores during the procedure (r = 0.59, P Hess and Hall (2009) conducted a prospective study to evaluate the effect of a near-infrared light vein viewing device on the success rate of venipuncture performed by staff nurses on a paediatric surgical unit. The number of attempts, age of the patient, and time required to establish successful vascular access were recorded for 91 children and this data was compared to baseline data (n=150) previously collected on the same unit prior to the implementation of the device. The first attempt success rate for the control group was 49.3%, and for the experimental group 80.2% (p Harrison et al., (2011) conducted a randomized controlled study to assess the efficacy of sweet tasting solutions or substances for reducing needle-related procedural pain in  children  beyond one year of age. A sweet tasting solution or substance was given to 330 children  between 1 to 16 years of age randomly in experimental group. Control conditions included water, non-sweet tasting substances, pacifier,  distraction, no treatment, positioning or breastfeeding. Results for the toddlers or pre-school  children  show that in the sucrose group in one study had significantly lower cry duration and behavioral pain scores, compared with the no intervention group, while crying time did not differ between the sucrose and the no intervention group in the other study. For school-aged  children, chewing sweet gum either before, or during the procedure, did not significantly reduce pain scores.   2.2 Literature related to distraction strategy, local anesthetics and local heat. Halperin et al., (1989) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted by to evaluate the effect of topical  skin anesthesia (EMLA, eutectic mixture of prilocaine and  lidocaine)   for venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures in children. Venipunctures were performed on 18  children  (6.1 to 12.2 years of age) equally divided in the study and control groups. . Pain intensity was scored by the  children  themselves, using a visual analogue scale. EMLA cream was associated with lesser pain scores than those with placebo (means +/- SD: 2.8 +/- 2.4 versus 6.8 +/- 2.1, P less than .01). A crossover trial was used in the studies of subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures, eight  children  (6.1 to 15.1 years of age) were tested for subcutaneous drug reservoir punctures. Pain induced by this procedure was rated at 3.9 +/- 2.2 with placebo compared with 1.2 +/- 1.8 with EMLA cream (P Peretz et al., (2002) conducted a random crossover study to assess  childrens reactions while receiving a warmed  local  anesthetic solution for dental procedures (37o C; W) and to compare with one at room temperature (21o C; RT). 44 children  between the ages of 6 to 11 years were randomly assigned to receive either a W or a RT  local  anesthesia on the first visit and the alternate  local  anesthesia on the second visit. The modified Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) was used during the injection. For subjective evaluation, the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (FPS) was used. Using the FPS, 19 boys ranked the experience of  local  anesthesia as a positive experience , 4 boys and all 21 girls ranked it as negative for both types (W and RT). No significant difference was found in the mean VAS scores between the room-temperature group and the warm group (23.4 +/- 21.8 and 20.8 +/- 18.9, respectively). Thus there is no advantage to  warming  local  anesthetic solu tion prior to injection. Biswas, D. (2005) conducted a study on effectiveness of four modalities (hot fomentation, glycerine Magnesium Sulphate application, and Ichthamol Magnesium Sulphate and Ichthamol Belladonna) of nursing interventions on phlebitis pain was evaluated. Ichthamol Belladonna along with hot fomentation was effective in reducing pain, erythema, swelling, induration, palpable venous cord at 0.01 as compared to Ichthamol Belladonna dressing, glycerine Magnesium Sulphate dressing and glycerine Magnesium dressing with hot fomentation. Tools included the demographic data to know the sample characteristics, phlebitis measurement chart, observation check list and visual analogue scale. The pre test mean pain score related to peripheral IV infiltration were 61.23 and post test mean pain scores were 13.27 in treatment with Ichthamol Belladonna dressing with fomentation which was found to be the most effective out of all the 4 interventions. Thus the study concluded that Ichthamol Belladonna dressing with fomentation was effective. Vangoli et al., (2005) conducted a study to investigate the presence of clown doctors on a  childs preoperative anxiety during the induction of anaesthesia and on the parent who accompanies them until he/she is asleep. There were 40 samples of 5-12 years of age who were assigned randomly to the clown group in which the  children  were accompanied in the preoperative room with the clown doctors and a parent and to the control group in which the  children  were accompanied by only 1 of his/her parents. The anxiety of the  children  in the preoperative period was measured through the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale instrument and the anxiety of the parents was measured using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Also, a questionnaire was developed for health professionals to obtain their opinion about the presence of clowns and a self-evaluation form was developed to be filled out by the clowns themselves about their interactions with the  child. This study shows that the presence of clowns during the induction of anaesthesia with the  childs parents was an effective intervention for managing  childrens and parents anxiety during the preoperative period. Anjum. S (2007) conducted a study on hot fomentation versus cold compress, to reveal that the pre-treatment mean score of degree of infiltration was 7.1667 and it was decreased to 0.7071 on the third day of treatment with hot fomentation. In cold compress group, pre-treatment mean score of degree of infiltration was reduced from 6.9333 to 0.7571 on the third day of cold compress treatment. The intensity of pain was reduced from severe [56.66%] to no pain [93.4%] in hot fomentation group. In cold compress group, the intensity of pain was reduced from moderate [60.0%] to no pain [86.6%]. The mean score of hot fomentation group was 6.5067 in reducing the degree of infiltration while cold compress the mean score was 6.6. The study concluded that hot fomentation better than that of cold compress. Lee (2008) done a randomized cross-over study to determine the effect of  heat  and duration of stretching on the extensibility of hamstring muscles and their electromyographic responses to passive stretch in  children  with hypertonia and severe mental retardation. There were 29 participants with ages from 4 to 13 years who randomly received 4 treatment sessions as (A)10-second stretching, (B)30-second stretching, (C) hot  pack followed by 10-second stretching, and  (D) hot  pack followed by 30-second stretching each consisting of 5 repetitions of stretching and successive treatments were separated by at least 24 hours. The distance between greater trochanter and lateral malleolus and hamstring electromyographic (EMG) activity during passive knee extension stretching were measured. Two-way ANOVA showed a larger increase in hamstring extensibility in conditions C and D (1.3 +/- 1.1 cm) than conditions A and B (0.7 +/- 0.9 cm) (P Warming  local  anesthetics has been proposed as a cost-free intervention that reduces injection pain. Hogan et al., (2011) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of warming  local  anesthetics to reduce pain in adults and  children  undergoing  local  anesthetic infiltration into intradermal or subcutaneous tissue. 29 studies were retrieved for close examination and 19 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 18 studies with 831 patients were included in a meta-analysis. 17 studies had

degenerate characteristics of dracula :: essays research papers

Degenerate Characters of Dracula In the novel, Dracula, Bram Stoker puts together a variety of characters with several characteristics that are unique and somewhat alike in many ways. One way that some of the characters are similar is that they show signs of being a degenerate. A degenerate is a person who has sunk below a former or normal condition and lost normal or higher qualities. These people most likely have mentally and sometimes physically become deteriorated to the point where they no longer can think and function as a normal person would. Two characters in the novel that stand out as degenerates are Dracula and Renfield. Both are degenerates in their own ways and also have characteristics that are in some ways the same. They follow most of the traits that degenerates contain and portray it throughout the novel. The best way to imagine a degenerate person would be to think of people on death roe in prison. The ones that aren’t remorseful for what they did, and could care less about what others think. They do not know what is right from wrong, and even if one tried to explain it to them, they couldn’t figure it out. Degenerates have no common sense, let alone a functioning brain. They are most definitely missing a few screws in there heads. These two characters of Dracula and Renfield both have a lot of these traits that degenerates consist of. Dracula most definitely contains degenerate characteristics throughout the novel. He has a lack of compassion for people’s well being, and has signs of selfishness. Vampires fit under the degenerate theme very well. How he became a vampire we are not sure, although Van Helsing calls him King-Vampire, because of his consistency and power driven obsessions towards his cravings. His powers include a wide range of abilities in which some are beyond the powers of the other vampires or immortal people in the novel. Degenerates are predestined to crime and don’t know why it is wrong. Van Helsing wrote of Dracula by saying, "The Count is a criminal and of criminal type. Nordau and Lombroso would so classify him, and qua criminal he is of imperfectly formed mind" (Stoker chapter 28). With all his killings and bites he proceeds on people, Dracula fights the degenerate theme. Renfield as well has qualities and characteristics of degenerates throughout the novel. Renfield was taken under the care of Dr. degenerate characteristics of dracula :: essays research papers Degenerate Characters of Dracula In the novel, Dracula, Bram Stoker puts together a variety of characters with several characteristics that are unique and somewhat alike in many ways. One way that some of the characters are similar is that they show signs of being a degenerate. A degenerate is a person who has sunk below a former or normal condition and lost normal or higher qualities. These people most likely have mentally and sometimes physically become deteriorated to the point where they no longer can think and function as a normal person would. Two characters in the novel that stand out as degenerates are Dracula and Renfield. Both are degenerates in their own ways and also have characteristics that are in some ways the same. They follow most of the traits that degenerates contain and portray it throughout the novel. The best way to imagine a degenerate person would be to think of people on death roe in prison. The ones that aren’t remorseful for what they did, and could care less about what others think. They do not know what is right from wrong, and even if one tried to explain it to them, they couldn’t figure it out. Degenerates have no common sense, let alone a functioning brain. They are most definitely missing a few screws in there heads. These two characters of Dracula and Renfield both have a lot of these traits that degenerates consist of. Dracula most definitely contains degenerate characteristics throughout the novel. He has a lack of compassion for people’s well being, and has signs of selfishness. Vampires fit under the degenerate theme very well. How he became a vampire we are not sure, although Van Helsing calls him King-Vampire, because of his consistency and power driven obsessions towards his cravings. His powers include a wide range of abilities in which some are beyond the powers of the other vampires or immortal people in the novel. Degenerates are predestined to crime and don’t know why it is wrong. Van Helsing wrote of Dracula by saying, "The Count is a criminal and of criminal type. Nordau and Lombroso would so classify him, and qua criminal he is of imperfectly formed mind" (Stoker chapter 28). With all his killings and bites he proceeds on people, Dracula fights the degenerate theme. Renfield as well has qualities and characteristics of degenerates throughout the novel. Renfield was taken under the care of Dr.

Managing Information Systems In Organizations Essay -- Database Manage

Managing Information Systems In Organizations INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been an abundance of new technologies in the information systems field. These new technologies have altered the very development process itself. Information systems have gone from being a series of one level databases to three dimensional reality, virtual reality, and multimedia systems. In the early days of information systems, the demands were for data, with no real function of artificial intelligence. However, as the 21st century approaches, business has taken on an entirely different function, and the need for individual information systems has grown immensely. This demand for information technology is in all areas of business: corporations, law, medicine, science and even small business. In addition, the worldwide web and the Internet have added an additional factor of communications. Most information systems in use today require at the very least, a measure of Internet capability. In order to understand the changes in these development processes, the history of databases should be analyzed. BACKGROUND Database Management Systems actually began in the 1950s, with what is known as the first generation, also known as file systems on tape. The major task of any computer in those days was to process data under the control of a program. This primarily meant calculating, counting and simple tasks. Second generation databases, file systems on disk, allowed use of computers in dialogue mode as well as batch mode. The development of magnetic disks allowed for more sophisticated file systems, making multiple access possible. These first two generations of DBMS were characterized by the availability of file systems only; strictly speaking these were the forerunners of database systems, the foundations. An important component of these database systems were the static association of certain data sets (files) with individual programs that would concentrate on these. There were high redundancy problems between files; inconsistencies when one program made changes that are not made in all programs; inflexibility against changes in applications; low productivity by programmers since program maintenance was expensive; and the problem of adopting and maintaining standards for coding and data formats. The third generation, pre-relational databases, started in the 1960s a... ... rapid development in this area, not only in technology but also in functionality. Information Systems will rapidly emerge into a wealth of applications until it eventually becomes an extension of the person (maybe in a literal sense some day). That, I believe, is the future. Works Cited: Cattell, R.G.G., â€Å"Object Data Management: Object-oriented and Extended Relational Database Systems† Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1991. Gagnon, Gabrielle, â€Å"Data Warehousing: An Overview† PC Magazine, March 9, 1999. Hammond, Mark, â€Å"DRDA Standard Could Finally Get Rival Databases Talking†, PC Week, December 7, 1998. Mayor, Tracy, â€Å"Look Ma, No Hands† PC Week, July 1, 1996. Coskun, Samli A., â€Å"Information-Driven Marketing Decisions: Development of Strategic Information Systems† Quorum Books, 1996. Schindler, Esther, â€Å"The Computer Speech Book† Academic Press, Inc., 1996. Sichel, Daniel E., â€Å"The Computer Revolution - An Economic Perspective† The Brookings Institution, 1997. Vossen, Gottfried, â€Å"Data Models, Database languages and Database Management Systems† Wokingham, 1991. Watterson, Karen, â€Å"Blueprint For A Database† Data Based Advisor, June, 1990.

I won :: essays papers

I won Do revolutions have to have bloody conflicts in them to be called that? The Industrial Revolution is a direct contradiction to that statement; it is the only revolution in history not to have one single drop of blood shed at any time. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1700-1850 in which new technology was being discovered at an alarming rate. The average British person born in 1760 saw more changes in his or her lifetime than ten generations of ancestors had seen in theirs. There were many factors that aided the Industrial Revolution. One for instance was the change in farming many wealthy landowners started to buy out small landowners this process was called enclosure. In the 1700’s many wealthy landowners began to look for new ways to increase the size of their harvests. The first man to experiment in this way was Jethro Tull he improved the process of sowing the seed by a seed drill; it allowed farmers to sow seed in well-spaced rows at specific depths. The second invention to follow was the invention of crop rotation; many farmers wanted to find a way to keep their fields fertile so they would waste a year of planting. So instead of letting the field be barren was to grow a different crop each year so it would stay fertile and you could still grow crops. The next improvement in farming was when Robert Bakewell began trying to raise his quality of livestock; by allowing only the best animals to breed he increased the weight of his sheep and al so greatly improved the taste of the mutton. This improvements in farming had great effects on the population, since there was a more food more children were born and that fuel more workers for the factories. The next fuel for the Industrial Revolution was that Great Britain had many advantages. First was the abundant natural resource which Britain had all three that were needed coal, waterpower, and iron. Second was a favorable geography since Britain was a island nation had many great harbors, they had many ships which gave them a great over seas trade which provided great raw materials. Among other were great political stability, good banking system and a favorable climate for new ideas. The cotton industry was the first struck by the Industrial Revolution. By 1800 six major inventions had totally transformed the cotton industry.

Introduction of Event Marketing

Introduction In the following, the feasibility analysis will define whether possible to organize the Game before 2030 in Hong Kong. game refers to the biggest multi-sport games after the Olympic game. There are 58 disciplines in this game. Also, it is the biggest event in the Asian countries. This game is helped by the Olympic Council of China. They're part of member organized the event every four years. (Olympic Council of China) Feasibility analysis 1. This event is a good idea Asian game can increase the awareness of sporting and the Hong Kong athletes can exchange the experience and communicate with another sport man/sport woman.It can improve the sporting infrastructure in Hong Kong and to meet the international standard of these sport equipments. Through the communication with other countries athlete, it can exchange the experience to gain more knowledge to perform the sport and the sport event well even to create the opportunity to organize another sport event to do so. Moreov er, it can increase the importance of sport, to deliver the message of becoming a healthier person through sufficient physical exercise. It can increase the people’s willingness to doing exercise because they can know more about the sporty stuff via the Asian Game too.Samsung Distribution ChannelThis game can attract more tourists to come to Hong Kong to visit the event and to visit the many attractions here to raise the reputation on it. 2. We have the skills required to plan and run the event In the past, Hong Kong held 5th East Asian game successfully. (Agency for volunteer service) This organization helps to enroll the volunteers to involvement in the East Asian Game previously. It is important for us to organize the similar event like the Asian Games. Moreover, Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department organize amount of the sport event successfully in Hong Kong (Appendix 3)We have the experience in conducting the sport event like Hong Kong Seven. It enriches ou r experience in sports event. (Hong Kong Sevens) Moreover, in 2008, Olympic and Paralympics Equestrian Events also organized in Hong Kong successfully. Moreover, we can seek the Olympic Council to transfer experience and allocate the helpers and planners to us to facilitate the event. Asian Game since 1951 and it held 16 times so as to have many good examples to refer with. In this case, we can sure the necessary skills, knowledge and capabilities can be fulfilled through various sources to support with. 3. Community is supporting the Asian gamesThere are two aspects to decide whether the community support. It refers to the government approvals and publicity efforts. Since we have enough skills, well-planning, and effective in allocating resources, it is not hard to get the government to approve this Asian Game. The supporting documents and evidence needs to submit to the government to get the permit. Before submitting to the government, we should seek the options of the residents w ho are nearing the event’s location. Normally, we need some helpers to collect the option of the residents, to conduct the survey with the citizen to persuade them to involve in this event.In this case, most of them will agree with the event because it is the international sport event and can enhance the reputation of Hong Kong. After the agreement of them, we need the publicity to help us to promote the event in a positive way to gain the government approve and support. 4. We have the infrastructure in the community The place that used to conduct the sport event is sufficient. There are many locations available to conduct the event. We can use the resources that are used in East Asian Games previously. Firstly, the Victoria park swimming pool is available to organize the swimming competition. Appendix 1) There have the parking space near the Swimming pool Also, it's near the Tin Hau MTR station, have a bus stop on the Hing Fai Street (Appendix 2) In addition, there is Taxi s top, Mini bus stop , tram stops Near the MTR station. The audience of the swimming event can use these transportation tools to go and leave for the event. Moreover, there are lots of Leisure Facilities which are located in Hong Kong. (See Appendix 4) All of them have enough parking spaces, good transportation network, well-constructed roads and tracks, huge exhibition area, supplement of electronic power, water and heating and good as sewage treatment. . Can we get a venue at a price we can afford? According the Previous Press release, running a sport event used around 2. 4 billion and received around 1. 17 billion. We expected that the expenditure of Asian Games is 3. 4 billion and the revenue of 2. 17 billion. We can find sponsors to support the cost of decoration and catering to reduce the expenditure of the Asian Games. Moreover, the venue of the competition has a regular period to maintain the quality of the venue and the equipment in order to achieve the international standard requirements. We need to gain the safety teams to help to dialogues the sport person’s safe.St John is mainly responsible for the large scale of different kinds of event. It keeps to providing the first aid service in Hong Kong. (Please refer to Appendix 6) The venue manager is important when running the event, also, it is a critical role to decide whether the event successful so that he is necessary to monitor the arrangement of the venue. 6. Will the event attract media support? The Asian Games event will attract media support because it has over 20 countries to join our event so that the media must broadcast the event two or from the country.Most of the promotion tools rely on the sport event time interval to charge higher prices so that the media will support this game. Most of the company will place heavy advertisement during this period to enhance the awareness of them so that the media will encourage that kind of event. Moreover, the media can enrich the information a nd to deliver to their audience, to shape the issue, to trigger the discussion of the event. Moreover, the media is more willing to support the government-based event because the government will place advertisement in different media periodically.Once the media help the government, the opportunity to place the advertisement or public release in the media will increase. 7. The event is financially viable There are many ways to raise the capital to cover the costs. The sponsorship is the key sources of capital. We can find different sponsors to help us to facilitate the event. Omega companies can take responsibility on timing service. FedEx can help to deliver the materials which are related to the sport event. HSBC can sponsor some part of our expenses. Nike can sponsor the clothes of the sport person.Samsung can support all of LED display monitors. Although is it a vast investment in this event, the raising capital is not hard to complete once it is well-arranged. Also, we can sell the souvenirs to enhance the revenue. Some of the audience prefer to buy in memory of this event or as a gift to others. 8. The event will attract audiences Through the media and community support, it is sure attracting audience interest. Added up the government, it enhances the involvement of citizens. Also, the sponsors will help us to spread out the information about the event.Moreover, it is an international event in Hong Kong which it only once upon a time so that it is the selling point of this event. People can see the sport man who are coming from different and not coming before the event. The Uniqueness of this event is attractive for the audience. It brings benefits for the audience to observe the performance of them which is coming from various countries. 9. The success criteria are reasonable We can referring the past experience of organizing with the event and believe that this event is very attractive for the audience and the community, edia, government and sponsors wi ll support us because it bring a lot of benefits for them. Enhance the awareness of them is a good example to illustrate this situation. Also, we are financially affordable, it enhance the opportunity for success as well. We can deliver the importance of sporting to the Hong Kong’s citizen success through the tools that mentioned above so that it is possible to gain success. The purpose of communicating with the sport man/woman is achieved in this event. Exchange the experience of against the competition also useful for them. 10. What are the risks?There have risks when running the event. It refers to the management risk and weather risk. Firstly, it is difficult to sure that all things are in control. It should have many meetings to communicate with a different department to maintain the consistency of the direction. Secondly, the weather is difficult to predict with 100% accurately so that is should provide other alternatives and to plan the arrangement of delay on competit ion. Conclusion To conclude, this event is worthy to start with because it brings a lot of long term benefits to the worldwide so that it should be going to run the event.

The American Health Information Management Association

The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) is an association of Health Information Management professionals whose mission is to be â€Å"the professional community that improves healthcare by advancing best practices and standards for health information management and the trusted sourced for education, research and professional credentialing† (http://www.ahima.org/about/mission.asp).The association provides its members educational training and certifications to better equip them for their roles as Health Information Management (HIM) professionals who occupy a number of roles from implementing electronic health records, clinical coding systems, and improving the quality of information (http://www.ahima.org/about/history.asp, http://www.ahima.org/membership/MemberEmployerFlyer.pdf).HIM professionals would find membership in this association an investment because it provides their members opportunities for continuing education keeping them at par with the late st developments of the health information management industry.The association also trains their members to endow upon them the skills crucial in the members’ development such as leadership and professional synergy (http://www.ahima.org/membership/ MemberEmployerFlyer.pdf).The information on this website, especially the opportunities for continuing education would greatly help me in my career as a health information manager.The knowledge I would be able to gain from the training and resource materials accessible only to members would make me a formidable candidate when I apply in a corporation.   Also, the certifications that I complete through them would open other career opportunities for me which would not have otherwise been available.